The Museu Nacional dos Coches was founded on 23 May 1905 by Queen D. Amélia of Orléans and Bragança, consort of King D. Carlos I. Her aim was preservative: the royal collection of ceremonial coaches — accumulated by the House of Bragança across four centuries — was at risk of being broken up. Five years later the king and the crown prince were assassinated in the Lisbon regicide of 1908; in 1910 the monarchy was abolished. Amélia's pre-emptive museum saved the carriages.
The original home of the museum was the Picadeiro Real — the royal riding school built in 1726 by Italian architect Giacomo Azzolini next to the Belém Palace. The riding school's barrel-vaulted hall is itself one of the most beautiful 18th-century interiors in Lisbon, with painted ceiling and gilded balcony. From September 2025 the Picadeiro Real entered a phased renovation; visitors should confirm operating status before booking the historic building.
In 2015 a new museum building was inaugurated across the Avenida da Índia, designed by the Pritzker-winning Brazilian architect Paulo Mendes da Rocha. It is a 12,000 m² brutalist concrete pavilion raised on slim columns, with a single naturally-lit hall holding the bulk of the 70-vehicle collection. The collection itself spans from a late-16th-century travelling coach of King Philip II of Spain — the oldest surviving coach of its type in the world — through the great baroque ceremonial vehicles of the 18th century to the late-19th-century landaus of the last Portuguese kings.
The museum's signature object is the Coach of the Oceans, built in 1716 in Rome and forming part of King João V's embassy to Pope Clement XI. The coach is encrusted with carved and gilded allegorical figures of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, of Triumph and Fame, in a Berniniesque baroque language that announced Portuguese global wealth at the height of the Brazilian gold cycle. The coach was driven once through Rome, then shipped back to Lisbon; it has not moved since.